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先看看什么是hive?
•Hive是基于Hadoop的一个数据仓库工具,可以将结构化的数据文件映射为一张数据库表,并提供类SQL查询功能。
•本质是将SQL转换为MapReduce程序
hive用在hadoop平台操作数据很简单,基本语法跟mysql差不多,所以有数据库基础的玩这个就很容易上手了。
Hive提供了很多的函数,可以在命令行下show functions罗列所有的函数,你会发现这些函数名与mysql的很相近,绝大多数相同的,可通过describe function functionName 查看函数使用方法。
hive支持的数据类型很简单就INT(4 byte integer),BIGINT(8 byte integer),FLOAT(single precision),DOUBLE(double precision),BOOLEAN,STRING等原子类型,连日期时间类型也不支持,但通过to_date、unix_timestamp、date_diff、date_add、date_sub等函数就能完成mysql同样的时间日期复杂操作。
如下示例:
select * from tablename where to_date(cz_time) > to_date(‘2050-12-31’);
select * from tablename where unix_timestamp(cz_time) > unix_timestamp(‘2050-12-31 15:32:28’);
分区
hive与mysql分区有些区别,mysql分区是用表结构中的字段来分区(range,list,hash等),而hive不同,他需要手工指定分区列,这个列是独立于表结构,但属于表中一列,在加载数据时手动指定分区。
创建表
hive> CREATE TABLE pokes (foo INT, bar STRING COMMENT 'This is bar');
创建表并创建索引字段ds
hive> CREATE TABLE invites (foo INT, bar STRING) PARTITIONED BY (ds STRING);
显示所有表
hive> SHOW TABLES;
按正条件(正则表达式)显示表,
hive> SHOW TABLES '.*s';
表添加一列
hive> ALTER TABLE pokes ADD COLUMNS (new_col INT);
添加一列并增加列字段注释
hive> ALTER TABLE invites ADD COLUMNS (new_col2 INT COMMENT 'a comment');
更改表名
hive> ALTER TABLE events RENAME TO 3koobecaf;
删除列
hive> DROP TABLE pokes;
元数据存储
将本地文件中的数据加载到表中
hive> LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH './examples/files/kv1.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE pokes;
加载本地数据,同时给定分区信息
hive> LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH './examples/files/kv2.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE invites PARTITION (ds='2008-08-15');
加载DFS数据 ,同时给定分区信息
hive> LOAD DATA INPATH '/user/myname/kv2.txt' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE invites PARTITION (ds='2008-08-15');
The above command will load data from an HDFS file/directory to the table. Note that loading data from HDFS will result in moving the file/directory. As a result, the operation is almost instantaneous.
SQL 操作
按先件查询
hive> SELECT a.foo FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='';
将查询数据输出至目录
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/hdfs_out' SELECT a.* FROM invites a WHERE a.ds='';
将查询结果输出至本地目录
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/local_out' SELECT a.* FROM pokes a;
选择所有列到本地目录
hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.* FROM profiles a; hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.* FROM profiles a WHERE a.key < 100; hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_3' SELECT a.* FROM events a; hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_4' select a.invites, a.pokes FROM profiles a; hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_5' SELECT COUNT(1) FROM invites a WHERE a.ds=''; hive> INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY '/tmp/reg_5' SELECT a.foo, a.bar FROM invites a; hive> INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/sum' SELECT SUM(a.pc) FROM pc1 a;
将一个表的统计结果插入另一个表中
hive> FROM invites a INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.bar, count(1) WHERE a.foo > 0 GROUP BY a.bar; hive> INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT a.bar, count(1) FROM invites a WHERE a.foo > 0 GROUP BY a.bar; JOIN hive> FROM pokes t1 JOIN invites t2 ON (t1.bar = t2.bar) INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT t1.bar, t1.foo, t2.foo;
将多表数据插入到同一表中
FROM src INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest1 SELECT src.* WHERE src.key < 100 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest2 SELECT src.key, src.value WHERE src.key >= 100 and src.key < 200 INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE dest3 PARTITION(ds='2008-04-08', hr='12') SELECT src.key WHERE src.key >= 200 and src.key < 300 INSERT OVERWRITE LOCAL DIRECTORY '/tmp/dest4.out' SELECT src.value WHERE src.key >= 300;
将文件流直接插入文件
hive> FROM invites a INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE events SELECT TRANSFORM(a.foo, a.bar) AS (oof, rab) USING '/bin/cat' WHERE a.ds > '2008-08-09'; This streams the data in the map phase through the script /bin/cat (like hadoop streaming). Similarly - streaming can be used on the reduce side (please see the Hive Tutorial or examples)
实际示例
创建一个表
CREATE TABLE u_data ( userid INT, movieid INT, rating INT, unixtime STRING) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t' STORED AS TEXTFILE;
下载示例数据文件,并解压缩
wget http://www.grouplens.org/system/files/ml-data.tar__0.gz tar xvzf ml-data.tar__0.gz
加载数据到表中
LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH 'ml-data/u.data' OVERWRITE INTO TABLE u_data;
统计数据总量
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM u_data;
现在做一些复杂的数据分析
创建一个 weekday_mapper.py: 文件,作为数据按周进行分割
import sys import datetime for line in sys.stdin: line = line.strip() userid, movieid, rating, unixtime = line.split('\t')
生成数据的周信息
weekday = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(float(unixtime)).isoweekday() print '\t'.join([userid, movieid, rating, str(weekday)])
使用映射脚本
//创建表,按分割符分割行中的字段值 CREATE TABLE u_data_new ( userid INT, movieid INT, rating INT, weekday INT) ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY '\t';
//将python文件加载到系统
add FILE weekday_mapper.py;
将数据按周进行分割
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE u_data_new SELECT TRANSFORM (userid, movieid, rating, unixtime) USING 'python weekday_mapper.py' AS (userid, movieid, rating, weekday) FROM u_data; SELECT weekday, COUNT(1) FROM u_data_new GROUP BY weekday;
摘自:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4152a9f501013d1d.html
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